Who plays Penny on "The Big Bang Theory," and where is she now?

The first episode of "The Big Bang Theory," which ran for 12 seasons and about 300 shows, asked the age-old question, "Can geeks talk to girls?" 

"Kind of or sometimes, and it depends on the nerd in question," was the answer. In the test run,

Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons) and Leonard Hofstadter (Johnny Galecki) are roommates and best friends.

Penny, played by Kaley Cuoco, turns out to be pretty, and they try right away to get along with her. (At least, Leonard does. Sheldon doesn't care.)

Sheldon and Leonard finally make friends with Penny, and from then on, she hangs out at their place pretty much all the time.

Howard Wolowitz (Simon Helberg) and Raj Koothrappalli (Kunal Nayyar) are also there. 

"The Big Bang Theory" is based on exactly this kind of interaction. Penny might not be a scientist or have a PhD, 

Who plays Penny on "The Big Bang Theory," and where is she now?